Mobile Technology

Voice Over Internet Protocol

VoIP Internet telephony refers to communication systems services- whether it's the voice, fax or voice-messaging applications that are conveyed via the Internet, rather than public switched telephone network (PSTN). The basic steps involved in originating an Internet telephony service telephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digital format and compression or translation of the signal into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission over the Internet. With the Internet telephony service, the process is then reversed at the receiving end.

PSTN-public Switched Telephone Network

Telephone calls must be routed across a network of multiple exchanges, potentially owned by different telephone operators. The exchanges are all are inter-connected together using trunks. Each exchange has many "neighbours", some of which are also owned by the same telephone operator, and some of which are owned by different operators. When neighbouring exchanges are owned by different operators, they are known as interconnect points.This means that there is really only one virtual network in the world that enables any phone to call any other phone. This virtual network comprises many interconnected operators, each with their own exchange network. Every operator can then route calls directly to their own customers, or pass them on to another operator if the call is not for one of their customers.The PSTN is not a fully meshed network with every operator connected to every other - that would be both impractical and inefficient. Therefore calls may be routed through intermediate operator networks before they reach their final destination. One of the major problems in PSTN routing is determining how to route this call in the most cost effective and timely manner.

Rapid Prototyping(RP)-A virtual tool in Manufacturing In the recent years it has become apparent that one of the keys to profitability when introducin

In the recent years it has become apparent that one of the keys to profitability when introducing new products to the market is that it takes from idea to production.More importantly it was discovered that,it cost much less to make changes in the part design during the early stages than in the later stages in manufacturing.Two significant bottlenecks have been identified in the product development cycle as practiced today.The first has to do so with getting the design right and the second one has to do with the cost and lead time associated with obtaining a physical prototype.The object here is to use software tools to realize the final design in a timely and cost effective manner.The Virtual prototype offers much greater flexibility in terms of the ability to vary design parameters and the environment in which the part will function.A physical prototype, however, becomes essential for communicating the design for tooling designers to begin planning for manufacturing.Also physical protypes are extremely important in the case of components where the contours and dimensions play a critical role.

The term Rapid Prototyping (RP) refers to a class of technologies that can automatically construct physical models from Computer Aided Design (CAD) data.RP allows to quickly create tangible prototypes of their designs,rather than just two-dimentional pictures.Such models have numerous uses.They make excellent visual aids for communicating ideas with co-workers or customers.In addition, prototypes are used for design testing,Designers have always utilized prototypes,RP allows them to be made faster and expensively. In addition to prototypes,RP techniques can also be used to make tooling(referred to as Rapid Tooling ).For small production runs and complicated objects,Rapid prototyping is often the best manufacturing process available. These dramatic timesaving allow manufacurers to bring products to market faster and more cheaply. Rapid prototyping is an "additive" process.RP's additive nature allows it to create objects with complicated internal features that cannot be easily manufactured by other means.The prototype is an original model of the design built to evaluate operational features before the start of full production of the product.The style of the prototypes is dictated by the tests that are planned.

Rapid prototyping refers to the class that enable physical realization of a shape without the use of any tooling or material removal.Directly driven by a CAD model,these processes build the part layer by layer either by deposition of material or by changing the phase of the material.